Educational Technology Essay Example for Free

educational engineering EssayEducational engineering science is the study and ethical work of facilitating attainment and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. The term educational engineering science is very much associated with, and encompasses, instructional theory and nurture theory. epoch instructional engineering is the theory and practice of design, increasement, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning, according to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee,educational technology implicates other systems intentiond in the process of developing human capability. Educational technology includes, but is not limited to, software, hardware, as vigorous as Internet applications, such(prenominal) as wikis and blogs, and activities. only when there is still debate on what these terms mean.3 Technolog y of education is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might spring up helpful in advancing condition-age child learning and may be measured in how and why individuals behave.Educational Technology relies on a freehanded definition of the word technology. Technology shadow refer to material objects of expenditure to humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. roughly new(a) tools include but are not limited to overhead projectors, laptop com giveers, and calculators. Newer tools such as smartph unrivaleds and games (both online and offline) are beginning to draw serious charge for their learning potential. Media psychology is the domain of study that applies theories in human behavior to educational technology. Consider the Handbook of military personnel Performance Technology. The word technology for the sister fields of Educational and Human Perform ance Technology means applied science.In other words, any valid and reliable process or mathematical function that is derived from fundamental research using the scientific method is considered a technology. Educational or Human Performance Technology may be based stringently on algorithmic or heuristic processes, but neither necessarily implies physical technology. The word technology comes from the Greek techne which means craft or art. another(prenominal) word, technique, with the same origin, also may be used when considering the field Educational Technology. So Educational Technology may be extended to include the techniques of the educator.A classic example of an Educational Psychology text is Blooms 1956 book, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.Blooms Taxonomy is helpful when designing learning activities to keep in mind what is expected ofand what are the learning goals forlearners. However, Blooms work does not explicitly deal with educational technology per se and is mo re concerned with pedagogical strategies. According to some, an Educational Technologist is someone who transforms basic educational and psychological research into an evidence-based applied science (or a technology) of learning or instruction.Educational Technologists typically have a graduate degree (Masters, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field related to educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology, cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the fields of Educational, Instructional or Human Performance Technology orInstructional Systems Design. But few of those listed below as theorists would ever use the term educational technologist as a term to draw off themselves, preferring terms such as educator.The transformation of educational technology from a cottage industry to a profession is disputeed by Shurville, Browne, and Whitaker.Definition of terms evaluation is a systematic determination of a subjects merit, worth(predicate) and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization to assess any suggest, manageable concept or proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making or to ascertain the degree of come throughment or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments.Educational technology is the use of technology to improve teaching and learning. the treatment of the process by which mass learn, as a systematic process based on objectives, with strategies and systems to achieve them a set of expensive tools s senior to schools purporting to improve learning but not actually proven to do so education and communication technology (ICT), is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications1 and the integration oftelecommunications (telephone lines and tuner signals), computers as well as necessaryenterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.Classifications of Educational TechnologyWhen we hear the word technology today, we would immediately think of the mediated instructional materials in cave inicular those, which are computer-based. But technology also includes the indigenous materials which have been used in the past and which have been proven as reliable. They have proven their worth e specially to the teachers in the early days. According to the Equilibrium Theory of Education, the schools which are supposed to transmit accumulated knowledge and skills to students, that students are given balance of the old and new learning so that they will not lose track of the finest pedagogical culture which have been unquestionable and accumulated all through the days. The compartmentalization of Educational Technology is divided into two which is the following* Material TechnologyMaterial Technology is divided by two which is the lo-tech idea technology and the high-tech mediated technology Lo-tech constitution technology* It is also called traditional instructional materials these are indigenous materials usually real objects or those that are made of paper and cardboards. They are still here to stay because not all schools are equipped with technology tools and not all teachers are ready to embrace modern technology.Hi-tech mediated technology* Often called as the m ediated technology, it includes those, which are presented using media equipment or hardware. The most persuasive modern technology for teaching and learning in these contemporary times is the computer and its various applications. In fact all educational efforts are being geared toward its used. Its effectiveness in teaching and learning has been widely recognized.* Non-Material TechnologyThis includes theories, laws, principles, methods and strategies of teaching. They evolved results of researches and studies in order to facilitate teaching and learning.Applications of Educational TechnologyA proper application of educational technology can result to improved sensation and perception that will lead to quality learning. Educational technology transcends geographical barriers, expose students to experiences beyond classroom, disseminate instruction across large areas and make education more accessible to more people. If Educational Technology is properly selected and used the stud ents can do the following * Arouse and bear out the interest and attention of the students. * Concretize concepts and ideas to promote meaningful learning. * Make learning more permanent by providing rich experiences. * Provide self-activities for independent learning.* Increase ones vocabulary by eliminating verbalism* Promote continuity of thought* Increase the quality of learning while decreasing the time spent* Check students preparedness* Make learning more interactive* Choosing and applying educational technology.Evaluation in Educational TechnologyAs education systems, in particular Technology Education, adapt to new expectations for secondary students entering an uncertain workforce, the time is appropriate to investigate the need for school facilities to meet these present demands and those that await to change curricula. This study has been conducted in order to image the facility compulsions for the delivery of the evolving technology/manual arts curriculum in Queensl and. A set of testicleise design criteria for evaluating technology education and vocational education settings was highly-developed and trialed to assist the designer of such facilities to meet the needs of this area on schools designed in antithetic eras from the 1960s to the present. A review of the published literature would indicate that little has been scripted on this aspect of facilities design. While related studies have been conducted in North America, they were not confined to the designing of the facilities and only had specific relevance in that country.An expert group consisting of prominent Queensland educators provided the impetus for developing the criteria which had been generated through a systematic search of the literature. The methodology utilised to involve the expert group was the Nominal Group Technique. After the criteria had been developed, they were validated by questionnaire through a 30% random sample of practicing heads of department across Queensla nd in both state and independent systems. A trial evaluation using current facilities was subsequently conducted to determine the effectiveness of the criteria in terms of teacher acceptability as well as establishing a pattern of needs for modification.Practitioners who use the facility for teaching technology education and/or vocational education could use the set of criteria to evaluate their facility in a similar manner to that of evaluating their students. Such evaluations could then bugger off the basis for ffiture school planning and budgetary allocations as well as asset management of existing facilities. The study proved to be valuable as the validated criteria have the potential of being used as a tool by teachers to evaluate their facilities. At the systems level of operation, the criteria will provide assist for designers, architects and teachers to prepare informal educational briefs. Such briefs would provide a consistent progress to the some times difficult task of clearly delineate the function of a facility. The modem facility must meet the needs of current curriculum and be sufficiently flexible and adaptable to provide the educational requirements well into the twenty-first century. These developed criteria will greatly assist in this process.OverviewIt is a great honor for me to join in the celebration of the blowth birthday of case Taipei Teachers College. In the coupled States, this year is also the 100th anniversary of a famous march, the Stars and Stripes Forever, composed by the revered bandmaster, John Phillips Sousa in 1896. I learned this when I attended a band concert this fall, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Department of Bands at Indiana University. During the concert I was view about what I might say today, and I realized that National Taipei Teachers College, the IU Department of Bands, and the Stars and Stripes Forever are all 100 years old this year. I plan to talk today on the topic evaluation of use of inf ormation technology in education.First, I will discuss the use of information technology as a lever for change in educational systems and practice. Second, I will talk about the development of criteria for evaluating information technology systems in K-12 education. During 1993-95, I played a central role on a team of faculty and graduate students at Indiana University who helped develop these criteria for the National Study of School Evaluation. I will provide a brief overview of the criteria for use of information technology in K-12 education in the United States. Finally, I will share my personal philosophy on use of technology in education.Stability and Change in EducationThe publication of A Nation at Risk in 1983 helped to renew U.S. efforts to bring forward improve public schooling. We have given names to these reform efforts such as site-based management, school restructuring and educational systems design (cf. Banathy, 1991 Reigeluth, 1992 Frick, 1993). One difficulty in c hanging a system is that it tends to remain the same. Systems try to attain and maintain some level of stability (cf. Maccia Maccia, 1975 1966). The big challenge is How can we overcome this stability in our education systems in order to make positive changes, without harming what is already good and should not be changed?One educator in Indiana has joked that the problem of getting our schools to change is kindred trying to change the direction of a big elephant going 100 miles per hour. Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in Education The National Study of School Evaluation recently published Technology Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in K-12 Schools (NSSE, 1996). This publication provides * a vision for student learning in technology through suggestions of performance indicators at the elementary, middle and high school levels, * indicators for resolve how a schools instructional system supports learning achievement in technology, and * i ndicators for evaluating how a schools organizational system supports its vision.History of Educational Technology during antiquated times there is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages. The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials.The term educational technology was us ed as synonyms to audio-visual aids. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic revolution with the creative activity and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and idiot box brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials. The third stage of educational technology is cogitate with the development of mass media which in turn led to communication revolution for instructional purposes. calculator-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era.The fourth part stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The creation of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a ne w dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged. The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the match process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.Educational technology during the treasure Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory namely the rock candy Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing marks, manufacture of various handmade weap on and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first stairs in mining technology.The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming. Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their foment from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. antediluvian patriar ch tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in spare of their cultures. Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts. Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technolog y can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more entangled became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance. The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern constituent of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under todays Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran). There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is take for granted that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script.The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People save their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official administrative work. Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of len gth, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus scripts pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.Ancient Egyptian language was at one point on e of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.Educational technology during Medieval and Modern distributor pointPaper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of train of thought making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, t his led to the ware of cheap paper, which was a florescence factor in the development of printing technology. The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures. The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American s chool won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments. Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic shock absorber on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessoris idea of prepared child centered environment.In1833, Charles Babbages design of a general purpose computing device laid the nucleotide of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities. In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were unbroken daily programmes.Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called Drum Tutor in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article Science of accomplishment and art of Teaching published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so. Although the first hardheaded use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes. In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time.It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India. During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt.Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technolog y in America. Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan. In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I cognitive Domain.